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【Objective】 To explore the causes and management of nephrostomy catheter following percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL) entering the inferior vena cava. 【Methods】 A retrospective analysis was performed on the management of two cases of nephrostomy catheter entering the inferior vena cava. The causes, changes of minimally invasive treatment and prevention plans were discussed. 【Results】 Two patients underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to restore the nephrostomy tube to the renal pelvis collecting system. No renal vein rupture or bleeding occurred during the operation, and the patients’ vital signs were stable. Nephrostomy tube was removed successfully after operation. The wound healing was good, and there was no secondary hemorrhage such as perirenal hematoma. The prognosis was good. 【Conclusion】 Although intravenous nephrostomy tube misplacement is an uncommon PCNL complication, the consequences are serous. One-step retraction displacement of nephrostomy tube to the renal collecting system can effectively manage nephrostomy catheter entering the inferior vena cava.
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Objective:To evaluate a newly designed basket fit for digital cholangioscope in non-radiation endoscopic lithotomy for common bile duct stones.Methods:Seventy-eight patients who underwent non-radiation endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones at Zhongda Hospital Southeast University between February and October 2021 were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial, and were randomly assigned into the new basket group ( n=35) and the conventional basket group ( n=43) by drawing lots. Procedures of cholangioscope-based biliary exploration and stone removal by baskets, volume of water irrigation, time lengths of biliary exploration, stone removal and whole endoscopic procedure, and adverse events were compared. Results:Compared with the conventional basket group, the new basket group needed less biliary explorations (1.08±0.28 VS 2.30±0.51, t=-12.535, P<0.001), smaller volume of water irrigation (46.14±11.89 mL VS 78.62±10.09 mL, t=-13.052, P<0.001), and shorter time of biliary exploration and stone removal (9.69±2.97 min VS 12.67±2.51 min, t=-4.815, P<0.001) and whole endoscopic procedure (30.17±7.19 min VS 33.44±6.69 min, t=-2.076, P=0.041). The incidence of adverse events was not significantly different between the two groups [5.7% (2/35) VS 11.6% (5/43), χ2=0.826, P=0.363]. Conclusion:This newly designed basket can facilitate digital cholangioscope-guided non-radiation endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones with the advantages of shorter operation time, less exploration time of choledochoscopy and smaller volume of water irrigation.
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Objective:To explore the treatment experience of holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) with preservation of longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o’clock for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with small-medium gland.Method:From October 2018 to April 2021, 256 patients diagnosed BPH with small-medium gland(prostate volume 30-60 ml)were retrospectively analyzed, including general information, way of operation, intraoperative parameters and follow-up data. From October 2018 to June 2020, 186 BPH patients underwent conventional HoLEP, which did not retain longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o’clock as a conventional operation group. From July 2020 to April 2021, 70 BPH patients underwent modified HoLEP, which retained longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o’clock as a modified operation group. There was no significant difference between the two groups( P>0.05) in term of the age[(70.5±4.4)years old vs.(68.5±3.2)years old], Q max[(7.5±2.8)ml/s vs.(7.5±2.1)ml/s], IPSS[(20.3±4.6)vs.(21.4±3.7)], QOL[(4.5±1.0)vs.(4.2±1.4)], postvoid residual volume[(126.9±29.36)ml vs.(132.2±32.3)ml], PSA[(1.5±1.3)ng/ml vs.(1.8±1.1)ng/ml] and prostate volume[(48.1±11.1)ml vs.(48.0±12.7)ml]. Both groups were treated with "trefoil" enucleation of prostate. The modified group was improved compared with the conventional group by retaining a 12 o’clock longitudinal urethra mucosa from the bladder neck to the apex of the prostate. The technical improvements were as follows: ①the left lobe of prostate was removed from at 5 o’clock at the verumontanum to 1 o’clock at the prostate apex along the gap between the hyperplasia gland and the surgical envelope; ②the right lobe was removed from 7 o’clock at the verumontanum to 11 o’clock at the apex; ③the urethra mucous membrane was cut vertically from 1 and 11 o’clock at the bladder neck to 1 and 11 o’clock at the apex respectively, and retaining the longitudinal mucous membrane between 11 and 1 o’clock (including 12 o’clock). Efficacy and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared. Results:The difference between the conventional group and the modified group in operation time[(36.5±10.4)min vs.(40.7±9.7)min], enucleated glandular weight[(35.5±12.2)g vs.(31.6±10.4)g], hemoglobin decline[(6.1±2.2)g/L vs.(5.6±2.5) g/L], postoperative hospitalization time [(1.2±0.2)d vs.(1.5±0.4)d]and catheter indwelling duration[(2.3±1.3)d vs.(2.0±1.0)d] were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). There were 252 patients for follow-up, including 183 cases in the conventional group and 69 cases in the modified group, and 4 cases were lost to follow-up. Mean time of follow-up was 8.4 months. In both groups, postoperative IPSS were 5.4±2.3 and 5.9±1.2 respectively, QOL1.5±0.3 and 2.0±1.0 respectively, Q max(24.3±9.2)ml/s and (22.5±11.3)ml/s respectively and postvoid residual volume (8.3±4.5)ml and (7.7±2.9)ml respectively, which were significantly different from that before the operation ( P<0.05). However, there was not significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). The postoperative immediate urinary continence rate of the conventional group and modified group were 85.2% (156/183), 98.6% (68/69), respectively, and two groups had statistical differences ( P<0.05). Incidence of postoperative bladder neck contraction were 4.4% (8/183) and 0 respectively in the conventional and modified group, whose difference was significant( P<0.05). Conclusions:HoLEP with preservation of longitudinal urethral mucosa at 12 o'clock is the same effective as conventional operation in the treatment of BPH with small-medium gland, likewise it could significantly improve immediate urinary continence rate and reduce the incidence of bladder neck contraction.
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We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 21 patients diagnosed with BPH combined with mild urethra stenosis from January 2018 to December 2020. 12 patients underwent holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP). There were 3 cases of serious urethra stenosis requiring repeat surgical treatment after surgery, 9 cases of unobstructed voiding, 4 cases of reverse ejaculation and 2 cases of temporary urinary incontinence. 9 patients underwent laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (LSP) and all patients had unobstructed voiding. There were no cases of severe urethral stricture, temporary urinary incontinence and retrograde ejaculation in LSP group. LSP has reduced the risk of a repeat urethral surgery because of transurethral operation increasing the degree of urethra stenosis.
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Objective:To explore management experience for post-adolescent postoperative urethral stricture of hypospadias in a single center.Methods:The clinical data of 71 cases of postoperative urethral stricture of post-adolescent hypospadias from January 2015 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The average age was 27.7(12-65) years. The mean duration of urethral stricture was 33.4(1-240) months. The number of prior surgeries was 2.5(1-9). There were 32 cases of ectopic urethral orifice, including 22 on penile, 8 on scrotum and 2 on perineum. There were 17 cases of urethral stricture with penile curvature, 11 with urethra-cutaneous fistula, 9 with urethral diverticulum, 11 with urethral calculus and 25 with urethral infection. Ten patients kept suprapubic tubes; 61 patients were able to urinate on their own, but suffered from dysuria and weak steam. The average maximum uroflow rate of 71 cases was 4.7(0-11.2) ml/s. The primary urethral reconstruction procedures were performed on 33 cases, included 11 penile or scrotal septum flap urethroplasty, 2 urethral diverticulum wall flap urethroplasty, 12 oral mucosal urethroplasty and 8 urethrotomy. Thirty-three cases underwent two-staged surgery. For patients with penile curvature greater than 30 degrees, the penis was straightened with a urethrotomy in first stage. Besides, the dorsal skin of penis or oral mucosal graft were transferred to the ventral side of the penis to the preset urethral plate. In second-stage, Denis Brown urethroplasty was performed on 23 patients, tubularized incised plate (Snodgrass) urethroplasty on 6, and oral mucosa inlay urethral plate (Snodgraft) urethroplasty on 4. In 5 cases, preplacing of oral mucosa was done in the second stage with a third-staged urethroplasty. Penile curvature was relieved by ventral scar resection with the folding the dorsal tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum when necessary.Results:The mean follow-up time was 30.5(4-59) months. Sixty-one patients got satisfying postoperative urination, with an average maximum uroflow rate of 22.7 ml/s (15.8-37.2 ml/s). Restenosis occurred in 10 cases, and urethral fistula in 7 cases. Re-stricture patients underwent urethrotomy in 5 cases, augmented urethroplasty with flap in 4 cases, and urethroplasty with oral mucosal graft in 1 case. Among the 7 patients with urethral fistula, 5 were cured by one fistula repair, and 1 cured by second repair; the rest one was left untreated. 2 patients still had penile curvature after operation.Conclusions:It is difficult to manage post-adolescent postoperative urethral stricture of hypospadias, especially for patients with residual penile curvature greater than 30 degrees and lack of penile skin. Performing correction of the curvature and reconstruction of the urethral plate in first stage and Denis Brown urethroplasty or Snodgrass urethroplasty in second or third stage could achieve good results.
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Objective:To investigate the efficacy and feasibility of urethroplasty using inner prepuce graft combined with Orandi flap for the treatment of the obliterated penile urethral atresic stricture.Methods:From January 2016 to September 2019, the clinical data of 18 obliterated penile urethral stricture cases were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were treated using inner prepuce flap combined with Orandi Flap. The average age of the patients was 62.1 years old (range 20-81 years old). Ten cases had suprapubic cystostomy before operation. The maximum flow rate was 1.6-6.2 ml/s, with an average of 4.2ml/s. The intubation general anesthesia and lithotomy position was used. The foreskin of penis was incised longitudinally. The urethra was exposed and the segment of stricture was opened longitudinally. The range of stricture length was measured with soft ruler, ranging from 2.0 to 7.5 cm, with an average of 5.0cm. After the fibrotic tissue was completely removed, the dorsal inner prepuce was incised with needed length and width for harvesting a free skin flap in order to transplant and reconstruct the dorsal urethral. The Orandi flap was used to cover the ventral urethra, and a F14-16 silicone catheter was retained. The length range of the inner prepuce graft was 2.0-7.5 cm, with an average of 5.1cm; the width was 1.2-1.8 cm, with an average of 1.4cm. The length of Orandi flap was 2.2-7.7 cm, with an average of 6.0cm; the width was 1.0-1.5 cm, with an average of 1.3 cm. The catheter was removed 3-4 weeks after operation. The patients were then followed up after 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively and then with annual assessments for the symptoms, urinary flow rate, and urethrography or soft urethroscopy when necessary.Results:All of the 18 operations were completed successfully. The patients were followed up for 6-36 months, with an average of 22 months. There were 5 patients with terminal dripping, 4 patients with recurrent urinary tract infection within half a year after operation, and antibiotic treatment being effective. The quality of life scores at 3 months and 6 months after operation were 0.8 (0-2) and 0.6 (0-1), respectively, which were statistically significant compared with before operation ( P<0.001). Conclusions:The use of free inner prepuce flap combined with Orandi flap is an effective treatment for the obliterated penile urethral atresic stricture, especially for the patients who are unwilling or unsuitable to harvest the oral mucosa. It has the advantages of convenient harvesting and less complications.
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Objective:To investigate the characteristics and the management of male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc)accompanied by urethral carcinoma.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 16MGLSc accompanied by urethral carcinoma patients who were referred to Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital between June 2000 and August 2019. The average age was 53.7 (45-69) years. All of the patients had a mean history of MGLSc 15(6-35) years, anterior urethral stricture received urethral dilatation and other inappropriate urethrotomy treatment for 10 (8-15) years. There were 5 cases of solid mass 4.5 (3-7) cm in scrotum, accompanied by obviously pain. There were 11 cases of infective masses 6(4-10)cm in the perineum, and the masses were ulcerated with purulent secretions and residue-like pus mixed with necrotic tissues draining from the wounds. Urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 9 cases, and the secretions in the fistula cannot heal. The diseased tissue was confirmed by pathology as the metastasis of invasive urothelial carcinoma in 12 patients and urethral squamous cell carcinoma in 4 patients. 9 cases of tumor invaded corpus spongiosum or corpus cavernosum, 5 cases invaded corpus spongiosum or corpus cavernosum, with enlarged firm one side inguinal node. 2 cases of tumor invaded corpus cavernosum, beyond prostatic capsule and bladder neck, bilateral palpable inguinal lymph nodes metastasis were found, one case found tumor involved the left testis. 9 cases were T 2-3N 0M 0, 5 cases T 2-3N 1M 0, 1 case T 3N 2M 0, 1 case T 4N 2M 1. 5 patients with substantial tumors located in the scrotum, penile-sparing scrotum tumor, urethral tumor resection and urethrostomy was performed in 2 patients. Partial phallectomy, urethral tumor resection and perineal urethrostomy were performed in 3 patients. 11 patients with urethral cancer complicated with perineal infectious mass, 2 patients underwent extensive resection of the tumor and suprapubic cystostomy. 8 cases with perineal tumor infection complicated with urethrocutaneous fistulas formation, of which 2 patients received perineal mass, urethral tumor, fistula resection and suprapubic cystostomy, 4 patients with unilateral inguinal lymph node metastasis and received perineal mass, urethral tumor, fistula, lymph node resection and suprapubic cystostomy. 2 patients with bilateral inguinal node metastasis underwent total phallectomy and urethrectomy, inguinal lymph node resection and suprapubic cystostomy. One case of perineal infectious mass with urethral cutaneous fistula and unilateral inguinal lymph node metastasis (T 2-3N 1M 0) gave up tumor resection. Results:The pathological examination of surgical resection of the glans and urethra showed typical MGLSc manifestations as epithelial keratinization, basal cell vacuoles degeneration, dermis lymphocyte infiltration. The pathological examination of the surgical excised diseased urethra and surrounding tumor tissue showed invasive urothelial carcinoma in 12 patients. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive expression of P53, Ki-67 and GATA3. 4 patients of urethral squamous carcinoma and immunohistochemical staining showed positive expression of Ki-67, P40 and GATA3. All patients received cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy for an average of 4.8 (2-6)courses and received local radiotherapy (50-70Gy/5w). The mean postoperative survival time of the 16 patients was 26 (3-48) months, and the survival time of urethral transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was 29 (18-48) months and 18 (3-24) months, respectively. All patients died of tumor metastasis, with 6 patients of lung metastsis, 2 patients of lumbar and bone metastasis, 3 patients of liver metastasis, 2 patients of brain metastasis and 3 patients of lung combined with bone metastasis.Conclusions:MGLSc can cause urethal stricture and urethral carcinoma. The clinical manifestations are dysuria, urinary tumor, repeated infection and urethral fistula. Tumor excision and urinary diversion are common surgical methods. Urethral transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are common pathological types. Postoperative combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be used, but the overall prognosis is poor.
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Objective:To compare efficacy and erectile function outcome of Non-transecting Urethroplasty (NTU)with excision and primary anastomotic urethroplasty(EPA) in the management of bulbar urethral stricture.Method:A retrospective analysis of the case data of 73 patients with bulbar urethral stricture admitted to Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019. The patients are 18 to 60 years old, because of the stenosis of the bulbous urethra, the length of the stenosis is less than 2 cm, and there is no history of urethral surgery, no multiple urethral stricture, and no obvious ED before surgery. According to the operation method, the patients were divided into 25 cases in NTU group and 48 cases in EPA group. The ages of the NTU group and the EPA group were (39.2±9.4) years and (42.1±9.3) years, respectively. The course of the disease was 6.0(3.0-14.0) months and 6.5(3.0-11.0) months, respectively, and the body mass index was (23.7±3.2) kg/m 2 and (24.5±2.7) kg/m 2, the preoperative maximum urine flow rate (Q max) was (8.7±4.3) ml/s and (7.9±4.6) ml/s, respectively, and the length of the stenosis was respectively (1.7±0.4) cm and (1.8±0.2) cm, the preoperative International Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF-5) was (20.9±1.9) points and (21.3±2.1) points, respectively, the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The etiology of NTU group and EPA group were 8 cases (32.0%) and 31 cases (64.6%) of trauma, 11 cases (44.0%) and 9 cases (18.8%) of iatrogenic injury, and 6 cases (24.0%) and 8 cases (16.7%), the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.023). All operations were performed by the same team of doctors. The urethral scar was assessed during the operation. If the scar tissue can be completely removed without breaking the urethra, NTU is performed. The distal end of the urethra is cut at the dorsal side of the narrow segment of the urethra, and the urethral scar is removed in a transverse wedge shape. The urethra is sutured; otherwise, EPA is performed, the urethra is completely cut off, the stricture of the urethra and surrounding scar tissue is completely removed, and the urethra end-to-end anastomosis is performed. Record the operation time and intraoperative bleeding. Difficulty urinating after surgery, urethral microscopy and urethral angiography showed that the urethral stricture at the surgical site was defined as a failure of the operation. The urinary catheter was removed 3 weeks after surgery, urine flow rate was measured at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, erectile function was evaluated 12 months after surgery, and urethral angiography was performed 1 to 2 years after surgery. Result:All 73 operations in this study were successfully completed. The operation time of NTU group and EPA group were (67.6±11.3) min and (62.7±10.1) min, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.063); intraoperative blood loss was (71.6±16.2) ml and (86.0±20.8) ml, the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.004). The postoperative median follow-up time was 18.0 months (13-38 months). The surgical success rates of the NTU group and EPA group were 92.0%(23/25) and 93.8%(45/48), respectively. The Q max of the NTU group and the EPA group were (26.7±3.6) ml/s and (28.1±8.7) ml/s, (25.2±3.5) ml/s and (26.7±8.1) ml/s, (25.0±4.3) ml/s and (26.2±7.2) ml/s; the IIEF-5 scores were (21.8±1.6) and (20.6±2.9) points respectively at 12 months after operation, the difference was both No statistical significance ( P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in IIEF-5 between NTU group and preoperative ( P=0.023). Conclusion:NTU can achieve the same outcomes as EPA in the management of bulbar urethral stricture. More importantly, the continuance of bulbar urethra is attained and avoiding rupture of bulbar cavernous artery, so as to protect the blood supply of penile and erectile function. NTU is a minimally invasive, feasible surgical method, which is advised for the patients with shorter stricture segment and fewer fibrosis.
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Objective@#To analysis the risk factors for stricture recurrence after excision and primary anastomotic urethroplasty(EPA).@*Methods@#209 urethral stricture cases managed with EPA were retrospectively studied from January 2017 to December 2018 in our center. Of all the patients, 183 cases were diagnosed as posterior urethral stricture and 26 cases were diagnosed as bulbar urethral stricture. Their age ranged from 5 to 78 years(mean 42.1 years). 25 cases(12.0%) were defined as the obesity, whose BMI was more than 28 kg/m2. 12 cases(5.7%) has the history of diabetes mellitus. 103 cases(49.3%) smoked at least three months before operation. 127 cases(60.8%) didn't have the history of dilation. 42 cases(20.1%)had the history of dilation once or twice. 40 cases (19.1%)had the history of dilation more than three times. The history of urethroplasty included once in 38 cases(18.2%)and more than twice in 8 cases(3.8%). The location of stricture included posterior urethral stricture in 183 cases and bulbar stricture in 26 cases. The history of stricture ranged from 1 to 360 months(mean 35.1 months). The stricture length was(3.19±0.65)cm. The causes including trauma in 190 cases, iatrogenic urethral injury in 12 cases, inflammatory in 2 cases and others in 5 cases. The standard of stricture recurrence were defined as the urination difficulty after removal of catheter and endoscopic or radiographic evidence of obstruction in the area of repair. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed by the use of Cox′s proportional hazards regression model to identify the related factors for stricture recurrence.@*Result@#The following up period was ranged from 3 to 32 months(average 18.78 months). Recurrence occurred in 31 cases in the period of 1.0 to 18.0 months(average 5.34 months). Factors had statistical differences in univariate analysis including stricture period(HR=1.007, P<0.001), stricture length(HR=5.334, P<0.001), history of direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU)(HR=2.901, P=0.003), history of urethral dilation ≥3 times(HR=6.214, P<0.001), history of urethroplasty 1 time, ≥2 times(HR=4.175, P=0.001, HR=9.885, P<0.001), 3 months smoking before surgery(HR=2.605, P=0.016), suprapubic cystostomy(HR=0.231, P=0.006), inferior pubectomy(HR=6.603, P<0.001). In multivariate analysis stricture length(HR=4.911, P<0.001), history of urethroplasty 1 time, ≥2 times(HR=2.387, P=0.045, HR=3.688, P=0.015), 3 months smoking before surgery(HR=2.730, P=0.030)were independent risk factors.@*Conclusion@#The urethral stricture recurrence mainly occurred within 6 months after surgery. The length of stricture, history of urethroplasty and 3 months smoking before surgery were the independent risk factors for stricture recurrence.
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Objective:To study the clinical features, management methods, and survival of patients with urinary neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC).Methods:A retrospective study of 22 patients with urinary NEC was performed from March 2008 to August 2019, including 21 male and 1 female. The average age was 68.2±9.9 years. Location of the lesion included left adrenal gland 1 case, right kidney 1 case, left ureter 1 case, bladder 9 cases and prostate 10 cases. 16 cases with bladder or prostate NECs had hematuria. Radiological feature was solid tumors with inhomogeneous enhancement and obvious local invasion. Clinical TNM stages included left adrenal NEC(T 2N 0M 0), right kidney(T 4N 1M 0), left ureter(T 3N 1M 0), bladder(2 cases with T 2N 0M 0, 2 with T 3N 0M 0, 3 with T 3N 1M 0, 1 with T 4N 2M 0 and 1 with T 4N 1M 1), prostate(2 cases with T 2N 0M 0, 2 with T 3N 0M 0, 1 with T 4N 0M 0, 2 with T 4N 0M 1 and 3 with T 4N 1M 1). Radical surgery was performed for 8 patients (5 with bladder NECs, 1 for renal, ureter and prostate NECs respectively). Tumor resection was performed for left adrenal NEC. 4 bladder NECs and 3 prostate NECs were managed with palliative resections and 4 prostate NECs with conservative treatment, 2 prostate NECs lost to follow up after needle biopsy. Results:Pathological results were as follows, 12 cases with primary SCNECs, 2 cases with NECs, 3 cases were bladder SCNECs combined with high grade urothelial carcinoma, 4 cases were prostate SCNECs combined with adenocarcinoma, 1 case was SCNEC combined with LCNEC. Pathological tests indicated that average Ki-67 was (60.9±16.0)%, synaptophysin(SYN)was positive in 20 cases, chromogranin A(CgA)in 10 cases and CD56 in 19 cases. The median following time was 15.5 months(8-108 months)of 20 patients, 16 were deceased, 3 were surviving with tumor and 1 with clinical cure. The 1-, 2- and 3-year overall survival rates between bladder NECs(66.7%, 22.2%, 11.1%)and NECs in other locations(90.9%, 63.6%, 42.4%) had statistical significance( P=0.038). Conclusions:Hematuria was the main symptom of bladder and prostate NEC. SCNEC is the most common pathological type, many were in advanced stage when diagnosed. Even though managed with radical surgery, most of cases had poor prognosis, overall survival rate of bladder NECs was lower than other locations. Radical surgery in early stage and multi-disciplinary therapy can improve the situation.
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Objective To analysis the risk factors for stricture recurrence after excision and primary anastomotic urethroplasty (EPA).Methods 209 urethral stricture cases managed with EPA were retrospectively studied from January 2017 to December 2018 in our center.Of all the patients,183 cases were diagnosed as posterior urethral stricture and 26 cases were diagnosed as bulbar urethral stricture.Their age ranged from 5 to 78 years(mean 42.1 years).25 cases(12.0％) were defined as the obesity,whose BMI was more than 28 kg/m2.12 cases(5.7％) has the history of diabetes mellitus.103 cases(49.3％) smoked at least three months before operation.127 cases(60.8％) didn't have the history of dilation.42 cases(20.1％)had the history of dilation once or twice.40 cases (19.1％)had the history of dilation more than three times.The history of urethroplasty included once in 38 cases(18.2％) and more than twice in 8 cases (3.8％).The location of stricture included posterior urethral stricture in 183 cases and bulbar stricture in 26 cases.The history of stricture ranged from 1 to 360 months(mean 35.1 months).The stricture length was(3.19 ±0.65)cm.The causes including trauma in 190 cases,iatrogenic urethral injury in 12 cases,inflammatory in 2 cases and others in 5 cases.The standard of stricture recurrence were defined as the urination dificulty after removal of catheter and endoscopic or radiographic evidence of obstruction in the area of repair.Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed by the use of Cox's proportional hazards regression model to identify the related factors for stricture recurrence.Result The following up period was ranged from 3 to 32 months(average 18.78 months).Recurrence occurred in 31 cases in the period of 1.0 to 18.0 months(average 5.34 months).Factors had statistical differences in univariate analysis including stricture period(HR =1.007,P ＜ 0.001),stricture length (HR =5.334,P ＜ 0.001),history of direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU) (HR =2.901,P =0.003),history of urethral dilation ≥ 3 times (HR =6.214,P ＜ 0.001),history of urethroplasty 1 time,≥2 times (HR =4.175,P =0.001,HR =9.885,P ＜ 0.001),3 months smoking before surgery(HR =2.605,P =0.016),suprapubic cystostomy (HR =0.231,P =0.006),inferior pubectomy(HR =6.603,P ＜0.001).In multivariate analysis stricture length (HR =4.911,P ＜ 0.001),history of urethroplasty 1 time,≥ 2 times (HR =2.387,P =0.045,HR =3.688,P =0.015),3 months smoking before surgery (HR =2.730,P =0.030) were independent risk factors.Conclusion The urethral stricture recurrence mainly occurred within 6 months after surgery.The length of stricture,history of urethroplasty and 3 months smoking before surgery were the independent risk factors for stricture recurrence.
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Objective:To establish a HPLC method for determination of chlorogenic acid,rutin,polydatin,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,astragalin,resveratrol,quercetin,kaempferol in Tetrastigmatis Hemsleyani Radix,in order to study the content changes of eight components of different months. Method:Zorbax SB C18column (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)was adopted with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile(A)and 0.1%phosphoric acid(B)in gradient elution(0-30 min,10%-30%A;30-40 min,30%-95%A;40-45 min,95%A;45-60 min,95%-10%A). The flow rate was 0.8 mL·min-1,the column was kept at 25℃,and the detection wavelength was 320 nm. Result:Chlorogenic acid,rutin,polydatin,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,astragalin,resveratrol,quercetin,kaempferol showed a good linearity within the range of 13.7-549 mg·L-1(r=0.999 0),12.6-253 mg·L-1(r=0.999 1),15.8-316 mg·L-1(r=0.999 0),14.7-147 mg·L-1(r=0.999 2),8.8-88 mg·L-1(r=0.999 1),7.9-79 mg·L-1(r=0.999 5),8.6-172 mg·L-1(r=0.999 1),8.9-89 mg·L-1(r=0.999 4). There were great differences in contents of the eight flavonoid active components in different growth phases. In July and August,the relative contents of chlorogenic acid,rutin,kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and polydatin were the highest. The highest relative content of quercetin was observed in June. The relative contents of resveratrol and kaempferol in April and May was higher than those in other mouths. The relative content of astragalin in November was the highest. Conclusion:It could provide abundant information for the production and quality control of Tetrastigmatis Hemsleyani Radix.
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Precise regulation of cell death and survival is essential for proper maintenance of organismal homeostasis, development, and immune system. Kidney diseases, especially acute histology changings linked ischemia-reperfusion injury, are among illnesses that are profoundly affected by improper regulation or execution of cell death pathways. Given the truth that improper regulation of cell death participates in a common pathway of various pathologies, specific therapeutic strategies that aim at the regulation are promising. In current review, we reviewed the most common pathway on cell death in renal injury, also described several potential therapy strategies that may influence the prognosis of kidney diseases，such as targeting receptor interacting protein 1 kinase.
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Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X⁃linked lysosomal storage disorder. It is characterized by deficient activity of α⁃galactosidase A, which causes the storage of globotriaosylceramide in tissues and organs, leading to fatal complications and poor prognosis. Therefore, it is essential to use the possibilities of specific biomarkers for early diagnosis, identification of organ involvement and therapy monitoring. Lyso⁃Gb3 is a valuable biomarker to establish the diagnosis and also important for evaluating the pathogenic mutations. Proteinuria and creatinine are the most valuable biomarkers to detect renal damage. Troponin I and high⁃sensitivity assays for cardiac troponin T can identify the patients with myocardial injury. This article mainly reviews the markers of FD⁃related target organs such as kidney, heart and nervous system damage and its guiding value for disease progression, curative effect and prognosis evaluation.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect of laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V plasty in the treatment of recurrent bladder outlet obstruction after surgery for prostatic hyperplasia.Methods Seventeen patients with recurrent bladder outlet obstruction after prostatic hyperplasia operation from May 2017 to January 2019 was treated by laparoscopic bladder neck Y-V plasty,with the median age of 71 years old (65-81 years).All had a history of repeated urination obstruction and urinary tract infection,and experienced at least 2 times transurethral stenosis incision,resection or repeated urethral dilatation,with 12 cases of bladder neck stenosis (type Ⅰ) and 5 cases of middle prostate stenosis (type Ⅱ).Three-port laparoscopy surgery was performed with outer-peritoneal route into the Retzius Gap.After revealing the bladder and prostate junction,the "Y" incision of the bladder and stenosis of the prostate urethra was firstly performed,and inverted symmetrical "V" shape suture was performed with two 3-0 Stratifix suture for two layers,including the 1th layer suture of mucosal and inner muscle layer,and the 2nd layer suture of the outer muscle and the serous layer.F22 silicone catheter was indwelled for 2 weeks postoperatively.Urinary flow rate and bladder urethral examination were perfrmed to evaluate the effect of surgery 2 weeks and 3 months after the operation respectively.Results Seventeen operations were completed successfully,with the median operation time of 100 minutes (30-100 minutes),the median operation blood loss of 50 ml (20-100 ml),and the median hospital stay of 5 days (1-7 days).The patient had unobstructed voiding after removing the urinary catheter 2 weeks postoperatively,and had no urinary incontinence.Postoperative median follow-up was 7 months (3-17 months) and no stenosis of the urethra was detected.Conclusions Laparoscopic modified bladder neck Y-V Plasty has the advantages of high success rate,low recurrence rate and minimally invasiveness in the treatment of recurrent bladder outlet obstruction after prostatic hyperplasia surgery,which is worthy of clinical application.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect of transverse island fasciocutaneous penile flap in the treatment of meatus and navicular fossa stricture.Methods Fifteen patients with urethral reconstruction with transverse island fasciocutaneous penile flap from October 2014 to December 2018 were enrolled.Six patients had a history of urethroscopic surgery,three had a history of lichensclerosus,three had a history of urethral dilation,and three had no obvious causes.All patients underwent transverse incision under the coronal sulcus,and after fully dissecting the urethra,the urethra was opened longitudinally ventrally.After measuring the actual length of stenosis,the irradiance fascia flap with the corresponding length of the incision was reconstructed.The patients were reviewed at 1 and 3 months after operation,and any complications such as recurrence or urinary fistula were recorded.The urine flow rate was tested 3 months after surgery.Results All 15 patients in this group underwent a successfully operation.The actual measurement of urethral stricture length was 0.5-4.0 cm during operation,with the average of 2.82 cm.Three months after the operation,the urine flow rate ranged from 13.5 ml/s to 23.7 ml/s,with an average of 18.5 ml/s.The overall successful rate was 93.3％ (14/15).The rate of post-operative fistula was 20.0％ (3/15).Two cases complained of needle-like fistula at the incision.One case healed after 3 months,and the other gave up further treatment.One patient developed urethral stricture and urethral skin spasm again 1 month later and was surgically repaired again.Conclusions The initial experience of pedicled island fascia flap for the treatment of urethral stenosis and scaphoid stenosis is safe,feasible and effective for the treatment of urethral stricture.
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Objective MetFab-DOX can inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, but few researches have been conducted on the effect of MetFab-DOX on doxorubicin-resistant HepG2 cells. This study aimed to constructed doxorubicin-resistant HepG2 cell lines and explored the effect of MetFab-DOX on their drug resistance.Methods Using high-dose intermittent induction, we constructed the doxorubicin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cell model HepG2/DOX and divided the cells into a blank control, a DOX (5 μg/mL), and an MetFab-DOX group (containing 5 μg/mL doxorubicin). After treatment, we detected the effects of MetFab-DOX on the proliferation, apoptosis, internalization and biological function of the HepG2/DOX cells by CCK8 assay, FCM, cell immunofluorescence, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay, respectively. We also established a tumor-bearing model in the nude mouse and examined the effects of MetFab-DOX on the volume and morphology of the tumor.Results The drug resistance index of the HepG2/DOX cells treated with DOX and MetFab-DOX was markedly reduced, with statistically significant difference between the HepG2 and HepG2/DOX cells (P<0.05). After 24 hours of treatment, the cell apoptosis rate was remarkably higher in the MetFab-DOX than in the DOX group (19.87% vs 8.09%, P<0.05), and so was it at 48 hours (41.27% vs 16.15%, P<0.01). The internalization in the cells showed no statistically significant difference between the MetFab-DOX and DOX groups at 30 minutes, while the fluorescence intensity of doxorubicin was markedly higher in the former than in the latter group at 60 and 120 minutes. The cell scratch healing rate was lower in the MetFab-DOX than in the DOX and blank control groups at 24 hours (14.46% vs 16.80% and 19.88%, P<0.05), but higher in the former than in the latter two groups at 48 hours (22.60% vs 36.96% and 56.43%, P<0.01). The number of the membrane-penetrating cells per visual field was significantly decreased in the MetFab-DOX and DOX groups as compared with that in the blank control (646.18 and 880.51 vs 1043.52, P<0.05), and even lower in the MetFab-DOX than in the DOX group (P<0.05). After 40 days of treatment, the tumor inhibition rate was remarkably higher in the MetFab-DOX than in the DOX group (64% vs 35.27%, P<0.05). In the blank control group, the transplanted tumor cells were irregularly arranged and proliferative tumors varied in volume and constituted a larger proportion. The proliferation of the cells was slightly reduced in the DOX group as compared with that in the control. In the MetFab-DOX group, the tumor cells showed a significant shrinkage and a decreased number.Conclusion MetFab-DOX can effectively reduce the doxorubicin-resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with its abilities of increasing the accumulation in drug-induced cells and inducing cell apoptosis.
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Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring amino acid found in tissues and cells that circulates in plasma and is excreted in urine. As an inhibitor for nitric oxide synthases,ADMA produces considerable biological effects and severs as a risk marker of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. Several recent lines of evidence suggest that ADMA has been associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease. Several potential mechanisms may be compromise of the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and development of renal fibrosis. In this review, we summary the existing literatures on the biology and physiology of ADMA on their associations with diseases,especially focusing on its role in the progression of chronic renal disease.
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Objective To evaluate the outcome of various operative selection for treating posterior urethral stricture via transperineal approach.Methods The clinical data of 5 000 patients with posterior urethral stricture or obstruction from January 1990 to January 2017 were analyzed retrospectively.All patients were male.The age of those patients ranged from 18 months to 77 years old,mean 36.6 years old.Pelvic crush inju.ry caused by car accident occurred in 2010 cases.Falling injury occurred in 1680 cases.Pelvic compressed injury occurred in 1 310 cases.Accompanied visceral damage occurred in 2 590 cases,including the liver and spleen rupture in 920 cases,lower limb fracture in 1 200 cases.2 200 cases accepted urethral realignment under emergency.2 800 cases were treated with pubic cystostomy.All patients were undergone a retrograde and voiding urethrogram.562 patients accepted urethral ultrasongraphy,and 2 448 patients accepted urethroscopy.204 patients accepted MRI examination.The mean stricture length was 4.3 cm,ranged from 1.8 to 8.6 cm.Posterior urethral stricture was found in 810(16.2％)cases.The complete olstruction of posterior urethra was found in 4 190 (83.8％) cases,of which the length of the distraction defects≤3 cm was found in 2 650(53.0％) cases and the length of the distraction defects ＞ 3 cm was found in 1 540 (30.8％) cases.Bladder calculi was found in 2 300 cases.The perineal fistula or abscess was noticed in 290 cases.False passage was found in 460 cases.Urethra rectum fistula was found in 160 cases.Bladder neck open was noticed in 89 cases.Repairing was performed via a simple anastomosis after urethral mobilization in 1 700 patients,via separation of the corporeal bodies in 1 302 patients,via separation of the corporeal bodies and inferior pubectomy in 1 910 patients and via scrotal skin flap urethroplasty in 68 patients.Pull-through operation was performed in 20 patients.Results Postoperative follow-up were conducted from 6 to 72 months with average duration of 23 months.The overall successive results after operation was 92.2％(4 608/5 000),which the Q was more than 15 ml/s.The successive rate of urethroplasty were 97％(1 649/1 700) in simple anastomosis;93％ (1 211/1 302) in separation of the corporeal bodies;88％ (1 680/1 910) in separation of the corporeal bodies and inferior puberctomy;78％ (53/68) in scrotal skin flap urethroplasty and 83％ (15/18) in pull-through operation.The successive rate were 96％ (778/810) in posterior urethral stricture;95％ (2 517/2 650)in distraction with the length of obstruction less than 3 cm and 86％ (1 324/1 540) in distraction with the length of obstruction more than 3 cm.Conclusions The transperineal end to end anastomotic urethroplasty has become the first-line therapy for posterior urethral atresia.The length of the strictures or distraction defect which is lower than 3 cm is much more successfully corrected.
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Objective To analyze the donor site complications of male patients with long segment anterior urethral strictures that underwent urethroplasty by using a long-strip lingual mucosal grafts (LMG) six months later.Methods Between August 2006 and December 2014,a total of 81 patients with long segment anterior urethral stricture underwent a procedure of urethroplasty using a long-strip LMG.The mean patients' age was 41.2 years (range 18-74) and the mean urethral stricture length was 12.1 cm (range,8-20 cm),a single LMG was more than 9 cm.Two techniques of urethroplasty were performed:One-sided dorsal graft augmentation urethroplasty was performed in 70 patients,12 of the 70 patients underwent urethroplasty by using a LMG in addition to a BMG,owing to the presence of very long strictures;Dorsal patch graft urethroplasty was performed in 11 patients.Results Of the 81 patients a single long-strip LMG with length of 9-11 cm was used in 52 patients,LMG measured ≥12 cm in 17,and LMG combined with buccal mucosal graft (BMG) in 12.The mean follow-up period was 41 months (range,15-86 months) postoperatively.The overall urethroplasty success rate was 82.7％.Six months after the operation,28 patients (34.6％) reported a minimal to moderate difficulty in fine motor movement of the tongue (difficulty with spitting tiny fish bones).Among these 28,22 patients (27.2 ％) had associated numbness over the donor site,10 patients (12.3％) had parageusia,and 11 patients (13.6％) reported slurring of speech.The donor site complications occurred higher in patients with LMG length ≥ 12 cm (14/29) than those patients with LMG length ＜ 12 cm (14/52)(x2 =19.049,P ＜0.01).At 12 months,5 patients (6.2％)reported minimal difficulty in fine motor movement of the tongue,and reduced to 1 patient at 24 months.Conclusions The donor side complications after long-strip lingual mucosal graft for the treatment of longsegment anterior urethral strictures are primarily limited to the first postoperative year,the incidence of complications appeared to be related to the length of the harvested graft.